Friday, April 2, 2010
Unknown event in Jewish history
Very big a meaningful event happened for Russian Jewry 83 years ago, on April 2 of 1917. The ill known The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта́ осе́длости, cherta osedlosti) was abolished by The Provisional Government of Russia. I would think, it is one of the biggest event in a Jewish history, which got lost in a pile of events which happened to jews in XX century.
Brief Geographical history of The Pale of Settlement
The Pale of Settlement included the following areas.
1791
The Ukase of Catherine II of December 23, 1791 limited the Pale to:
• Belarus:
o Mogilev guberniya
o Polotsk guberniya (was later reorganized into Vitebsk guberniya)
• Ukraine:
o Yekaterinoslav namestnichestvo (viceroyalty)
o Taurida Oblast (Crimea)
1794
After the Second partition of Poland, the ukase of June 23, 1794, the following areas were added:
• Minsk guberniya
• Mogilev guberniya
• Polotsk guberniya
• Malorossiya:
o major part of Kiev guberniya
o Volhynia (Iziaslav guberniya)
o Podolia (Bratslav guberniya)
• Chernigov guberniya
• Novgorod-Seversk gubernia (later became Poltava guberniya)
1795
After the Third Partition of Poland , the following areas were added:
• Vilna guberniya
• Grodno guberniya
1805–1835
After 1805 the Pale gradually shrinks, by the exclusion of the following areas:
• Lithuanian guberniyas
• Southwestern Krai
• Belarus without rural areas
• Malorossiya without rural areas
• Chernigov guberniya
• Novorossiya without Nikolaev and Sevastopol
• Kiev guberniya without Kiev
• Baltic guberniyas closed for newcoming Jews
• Congress Poland
Rural areas for 50 verst (kilometers) from the western border were closed from new settlement.
Final
• Northwestern Krai (whole; Lithuania, Belarus):
1. Vilna guberniya
2. Kovno guberniya
3. Grodno guberniya
4. Minsk guberniya
5. Mogilev guberniya
6. Vitebsk guberniya (some parts of it are in Pskov Oblast and Smolensk Oblast now)
• Southwestern Krai (part; now in Ukraine):
1. Kiev guberniya
2. Volhynia guberniya
3. Podolia guberniya
• Polish guberniyas (lands of Congress Poland):
1. Warsaw guberniya (Варшавская губерния (Мазовецкая губерния 1837-1844))
2. Lublin guberniya (Люблинская губерния)
3. Płock guberniya (Плоцкая губерния)
4. Kalisz guberniya (Калишская губерния)
5. Piotrkow guberniya (Пётроковская губерния)
6. Kielce guberniya (Келецкая губерния (Краковская губерния 1837-1844))
7. Radom guberniya (Радомская губерния)
8. Siedlce guberniya (Седлецкая губерния (Подлясская губерния 1837-1844))
9. Augustow guberniya (Августовская губерния 1837–1867), split into:
1. Suwałki guberniya (Сувалкская губерния)
2. Łomża guberniya (Ломжинская губерния)
Others:
1. Chernigov guberniya (some parts of it are in Bryansk Oblast now)
2. Poltava guberniya
3. Tavrida guberniya (Crimea)
4. Kherson guberniya
5. Bessarabia guberniya
6. Ekaterinoslav guberniya
In 1882 it was forbidden for Jews to settle in rural areas.
The following cities within the Pale were excluded from it:
• Kiev (the ukase of December 2, 1827: eviction of Jews from Kiev)
• Nikolaev
• Sevastopol
• Yalta
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